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Africa Security Update Oct 29, 2026: US Sanctions Rwanda Over M23

Africa war news: US sanctions Rwanda’s Defence Ministry over M23, Sudan blames Ethiopia for drone launches and Ethiopia gets 12 Russian Su-35 jets.

ByPeter
Map of Africa for the Oct 29, 2026 Africa security update
Places named in this report, Oct 28–29, 2026; numbers match the footnotes, and the North Kivu mark is approximate. Markers show reported events and statements, not front lines. Map: Peter's World; data: Natural Earth

Key Takeaways: 5 things to know

  1. The United States sanctioned Rwanda’s Defence Ministry and a military-linked savings bank on October 28, accusing them of backing M23 rebels in eastern Congo (see Rwanda and Congo).
  2. Sudan accused Ethiopia of letting drones launch from Ethiopian territory after strikes targeted six power stations, and Ethiopia has denied the charge (see Sudan).
  3. UN investigators said foreign weapons and fighters are sustaining Sudan’s war and backed extending the arms embargo beyond Darfur to the whole country (see Sudan).
  4. Ethiopia received 12 Russian Su-35 fighter jets a year ahead of schedule and plans to buy four S-400 air defense systems, its prime minister said (see Ethiopia).
  5. Putin told the Russia-Africa summit in Moscow that Russia has opened eight embassies in Africa since 2023, bringing its total to 48 (see Diplomacy).
Report detailsThursday update · Coverage Oct 28, ~7:30 AM ET to Oct 29, ~9:00 AM ETDetails
  • Publisher: Peter’s World War Room
  • Edition: Thursday update
  • Coverage window: Oct 28, 2026, ~7:30 AM ET to Oct 29, 2026, ~9:00 AM ET
  • Times: ET unless noted
  • Style: Rev. 3
  • Sources: Treasury and State Department releases checked first (war.gov News had no Africa item), then Sudanese and Ethiopian government statements, UN investigators, wire services and regional outlets
Map of Africa for the Oct 29, 2026 Africa security update. Marked: Kigali in Rwanda; North Kivu in eastern Congo; Khartoum, Sennar, Al-Qadarif and El Obeid in Sudan; and Addis Ababa in Ethiopia.
Places named in this report, Oct 28–29, 2026; numbers match the footnotes, and the North Kivu mark is approximate. Markers show reported events and statements, not front lines. Map: Peter’s World; data: Natural Earth

Munitions Count: Oct 29

1 reported count from 1 source. Each row is one source's own figure; rows are not added together.

Munitions Count: Oct 29: launched, downed and hit, as reported by the named source
AttackerTarget and placeMunitionLaunchedDownedHitDateSource
Not stated in source; Sudan’s government blames the RSF and alleges launches from EthiopiaSudan: six electricity stations (Khartoum, Al-Jazira, Sennar and Al-Qadarif states)Drones———2026-10-28 (local)aa.com.tr Sudan News Agency, via Anadolu[14]

— = not reported by the source. Downed = intercepted or shot down.

Official or party counts, October 28, ~7:30 AM ET, to October 29, ~9:00 AM ET. No side released an official count of drones launched or shot down; the row below records the number of stations targeted, as reported.

This October 29, 2026 Africa security update covers new US sanctions on Rwanda’s Defence Ministry over the M23 rebellion in eastern Congo, Sudan’s charge that drones are being launched from Ethiopia, a UN call to widen Sudan’s arms embargo and Ethiopia’s new Russian fighter jets.[1] It follows the Oct 28 update; see the War Room for the other theaters.

Rwanda and Congo

The Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control sanctioned Rwanda’s Ministry of Defence and Zigama Credit and Savings Society on October 28 for supporting M23 and its political wing.[15] The Treasury says the ministry directed thousands of Rwandan troops to fight alongside M23 in North and South Kivu, supplying equipment, logistics and training, and that Zigama facilitated payments to entities in China and other countries for weapons and ammunition for Rwanda’s army.[16] “Rwanda must halt its support for M23 and withdraw its troops from eastern DRC,” Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent said.[17] The State Department urged partners and companies to examine their mineral supply chains.[18]

Rwanda denies backing M23.[19] Government spokesperson Yolande Makolo told the BBC that the accords’ commitments on neutralizing the FDLR militia are “wholly unmet,” and that Rwanda remains ready to implement them alongside Congo.[20] Congo’s foreign ministry welcomed the sanctions, Reuters reported, according to the BBC.[21]

Sudan

Foreign Ministry Undersecretary Muawiya Osman Khalid accused Ethiopia of allowing drones to launch from its territory, calling the alleged launches “a dangerous development that could undermine security and stability in the region.”[22] He spoke at a Sudan News Agency seminar in Khartoum; separately, drone attacks targeted six electricity stations on October 28, Anadolu reported.[23] Addis Ababa has denied the allegations and says it respects Sudan’s sovereignty.[24]

At UN headquarters in New York, the UN fact-finding mission for Sudan said external supplies of weapons, technology and foreign personnel continue to sustain the war.[25] Its chair, Mohamed Chande Othman, said a cross-border network involving individuals and entities in Chad, Somalia’s Puntland, southeast Libya and the United Arab Emirates supplied weapons and trained foreign fighters, but that the mission had not linked any state as such.[26] Mission member Joy Ngozi Ezeilo said, “We are for expansion of this arms embargo,” which now covers only Darfur.[27]

Ethiopia

Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed said Ethiopia received 12 Su-35 fighter jets under an earlier agreement with Moscow and thanked Putin for delivery “a year ahead of our agreed schedule.”[28] He said four S-400 systems will arrive later.[29] Relations with Eritrea have worsened over Ethiopia’s demand for access to the Red Sea, Anadolu reported.[30]

Diplomacy

Putin said eight new Russian embassies have opened in Africa since the 2023 summit, bringing the total to 48, and that Botswana, Seychelles and Togo plan to open embassies in Moscow.[31] He said Russian fertilizer supplies to Africa have passed 2.2 million tons this year, up from about 1.5 million tons last year.[32]

Domestic Affairs

In Tanzania, a government-appointed commission said 518 people died from “unnatural causes” in last year’s post-election unrest, including 197 who were shot dead, the BBC reported.[33] Opposition leader Tundu Lissu’s lawyer said he had been granted a meeting and would eat again, consistent with our October 28 report.[34] President Samia Suluhu Hassan has insisted the election was fair.[35]

War Crimes and Civilian Harm

Allegations are attributed; findings are not established unless stated.

The UN mission said civilians in El Obeid face grave risks while the city is partly encircled by the RSF, and that RSF-attributed drone strikes have damaged schools and displacement sites.[36] It also said forces affiliated with Sudan’s army have stepped up surveillance and arbitrary arrests.[37] The Treasury accuses M23 of extrajudicial killings and forced labor in areas it controls.[38] These are allegations, not court findings.

Statements by Military Leaders and Officials

Quotes
DateSpeakerRole/OrgQuoteContext/TopicSource
2026-10-28Scott BessentUS Treasury Secretary“Rwanda must halt its support for M23 and withdraw its troops from eastern DRC.”Rwanda sanctionshome.treasury.gov [39]
2026-10-28Muawiya Osman KhalidUndersecretary, Sudan Foreign Ministry“a dangerous development that could undermine security and stability in the region”Drone launches alleged from Ethiopiaaa.com.tr [40]
2026-10-28Mohamed Chande OthmanChair, UN Fact-Finding Mission for Sudan“The situation in and around El-Obeid remains grave and the risk of atrocities are high”Sudan waraa.com.tr [41]
2026-10-28Abiy AhmedPrime Minister of Ethiopia“Ethiopia’s newly deployed military jets will remain more ready than ever to defend the airspace!”Su-35 deliveryaa.com.tr [42]
2026-10-29Vladimir PutinPresident of Russia“eight new Russian embassies have begun work in African states”Russia-Africa summitaa.com.tr [43]

What to Watch (Assessment)

  • Whether Rwanda pulls troops from eastern Congo or M23 changes course under sanctions.
  • Whether Ethiopia answers Sudan’s drone charge with more than a denial.
  • Whether the UN Security Council revisits widening Sudan’s arms embargo.
  • What the Russia-Africa summit’s final declaration says on security.
  • War Room: all of today’s theater reports; no other October 29 report shares an Africa story.

Seven lenses

Analysis

About the framework

Geography & Strategic Position

Eastern Congo’s North and South Kivu provinces remain the center of the Great Lakes conflict, where the Treasury says thousands of Rwandan troops fight alongside M23 (see Rwanda and Congo).[2] In Sudan, drones targeted six electricity stations across Khartoum, Al-Jazira, Sennar and Al-Qadarif states on October 28, and Khartoum now says some drones come from Ethiopia (see Sudan).[3]

Military & Security

Ethiopia’s new Russian jets and planned air defenses arrive as tensions with Eritrea and renewed fighting in Tigray raise fears of a wider war, Anadolu reported (see Ethiopia).[4] The Treasury says Rwandan forces have brought surface-to-air missiles and jamming equipment into eastern Congo, creating risks for civilian aviation.[5]

Score 2/5Evidence confidence: MediumTrend: Deteriorating

Alliances & Diplomatic Networks

Washington tied the Rwanda sanctions to the Washington Accords that Congo’s and Rwanda’s presidents signed on December 4, 2025.[6] At the Russia-Africa summit in Moscow, Putin said Russia now has 48 embassies in Africa, eight of them opened since 2023 (see Diplomacy).[7]

Economic & Industrial Power

The Treasury says minerals from M23-held areas, including gold mines in South Kivu and the Rubaya coltan area in North Kivu, enter Rwanda’s supply chains.[8] Putin said the ruble now accounts for up to 85% of Russian-African commercial transactions.[9]

Score 2/5Evidence confidence: MediumTrend: Stable

Technology & Critical Infrastructure

Sudan’s power grid remains a main target: the October 28 strikes hit stations in four states, after the strikes on Managil reported in our October 28 update.[10] UN investigators said the war is becoming “more technologically sophisticated.”[11]

Domestic Politics & Information

In Tanzania, Amnesty International accused the government of using counterterrorism laws to silence critics on the eve of the anniversary of last year’s election, and the government has denied widespread abuses (see Domestic Affairs).[12]

Strategic Leverage & Outcomes

Assessment: the sanctions raise the cost of Rwanda’s role in eastern Congo, but Kigali says it will implement the accords only alongside Congo’s own commitments, so a quick troop withdrawal looks unlikely.[13]

Score 2/5Evidence confidence: LowTrend: Deteriorating

Strategic assessment

Relative advantage
M23 controls mining areas in eastern Congo, including Rubaya, by the Treasury’s account.
Critical vulnerability
Sudan’s power grid and Rwanda’s military finance channels.
Decisive uncertainty
Whether Rwanda withdraws troops from eastern Congo under sanctions pressure.
Likely trajectory
More drone strikes on Sudanese infrastructure and more tension between Sudan and Ethiopia.
Strategic outcome
Not yet determinable.

Analysis by Peter’s World using the Seven Lenses framework. Numbered notes link to the footnotes at the end of this report. Scores, where shown, are judgments, not measurements.

Additional sources

Footnotes

  1. [1] U.S. Department of the Treasury, “Treasury Sanctions Rwandan Ministry of Defence and Financial Institution Supporting M23”, https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0668. Published: Oct 28, 2026, 10:30 AM ET. Retrieved: 2026-10-29.
  2. [2] U.S. Department of the Treasury, “Treasury Sanctions Rwandan Ministry of Defence and Financial Institution Supporting M23”, https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0668. Published: Oct 28, 2026, 10:30 AM ET. Retrieved: 2026-10-29.
  3. [3] Anadolu Agency, “Sudan accuses Ethiopia of allowing drone attacks to be launched from its territory”, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/sudan-accuses-ethiopia-of-allowing-drone-attacks-to-be-launched-from-its-territory/4104443. Published: Oct 28, 2026, ~10:55 PM ET. Retrieved: 2026-10-29. Relays the Sudan News Agency (SUNA).
  4. [4] Anadolu Agency, “Ethiopia receives 12 Russian Su-35 fighter jets, plans to acquire S-400 air defenses”, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/ethiopia-receives-12-russian-su-35-fighter-jets-plans-to-acquire-s-400-air-defenses/4104231. Published: Oct 28, 2026, ~1:58 PM ET. Retrieved: 2026-10-29.
  5. [5] U.S. Department of the Treasury, “Treasury Sanctions Rwandan Ministry of Defence and Financial Institution Supporting M23”, https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0668. Published: Oct 28, 2026, 10:30 AM ET. Retrieved: 2026-10-29.
  6. [6] US Department of State, “The United States Announces Sanctions in Response to Rwanda’s Destabilizing Activities in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo”, https://www.state.gov/releases/office-of-the-spokesman/2026/10/the-united-states-announces-sanctions-in-response-to-rwandas-destabilizing-activities-in-eastern-democratic-republic-of-the-congo/. Published: Oct 28, 2026. Retrieved: 2026-10-29.
  7. [7] Anadolu Agency, “Russia opened 8 new embassies in Africa since 2023, bringing total to 48: Putin”, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/eurasia/russia-opened-8-new-embassies-in-africa-since-2023-bringing-total-to-48-putin/4104826. Published: Oct 29, 2026, ~6:40 AM ET. Retrieved: 2026-10-29.
  8. [8] U.S. Department of the Treasury, “Treasury Sanctions Rwandan Ministry of Defence and Financial Institution Supporting M23”, https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0668. Published: Oct 28, 2026, 10:30 AM ET. Retrieved: 2026-10-29.
  9. [9] Anadolu Agency, “Russia opened 8 new embassies in Africa since 2023, bringing total to 48: Putin”, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/eurasia/russia-opened-8-new-embassies-in-africa-since-2023-bringing-total-to-48-putin/4104826. Published: Oct 29, 2026, ~6:40 AM ET. Retrieved: 2026-10-29.
  10. [10] Anadolu Agency, “Sudan accuses Ethiopia of allowing drone attacks to be launched from its territory”, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/sudan-accuses-ethiopia-of-allowing-drone-attacks-to-be-launched-from-its-territory/4104443. Published: Oct 28, 2026, ~10:55 PM ET. Retrieved: 2026-10-29. Relays the Sudan News Agency (SUNA).
  11. [11] (statement) Anadolu Agency, “UN fact-finding mission says external actors fuel Sudan war, backs nationwide arms embargo”, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/un-fact-finding-mission-says-external-actors-fuel-sudan-war-backs-nationwide-arms-embargo/4104369. Statement made Oct 28, 2026 (mission chair Mohamed Chande Othman, UN headquarters, New York); published Oct 28, 2026, ~4:20 PM ET. Retrieved: 2026-10-29.
  12. [12] BBC News, “Demands for post-poll justice as Tanzania accused of weaponising counterterrorism laws”, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cqdr8mgl5756o. Published: Oct 28, 2026, 8:25 PM ET. Retrieved: 2026-10-29.
  13. [13] BBC News, “US sanctions Rwanda’s defence ministry over DR Congo conflict”, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cm87zw51qw0jo. Published: Oct 29, 2026, 3:16 AM ET. Retrieved: 2026-10-29. Updated Oct 29, 2026, ~7:25 AM ET.
Show 32 more sources
  1. [14] Anadolu Agency, “Sudan accuses Ethiopia of allowing drone attacks to be launched from its territory”, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/sudan-accuses-ethiopia-of-allowing-drone-attacks-to-be-launched-from-its-territory/4104443. Published: Oct 28, 2026, ~10:55 PM ET. Retrieved: 2026-10-29. Relays the Sudan News Agency (SUNA).
  2. [15] U.S. Department of the Treasury, “Treasury Sanctions Rwandan Ministry of Defence and Financial Institution Supporting M23”, https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0668. Published: Oct 28, 2026, 10:30 AM ET. Retrieved: 2026-10-29.
  3. [16] U.S. Department of the Treasury, “Treasury Sanctions Rwandan Ministry of Defence and Financial Institution Supporting M23”, https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0668. Published: Oct 28, 2026, 10:30 AM ET. Retrieved: 2026-10-29.
  4. [17] (statement) U.S. Department of the Treasury, “Treasury Sanctions Rwandan Ministry of Defence and Financial Institution Supporting M23”, https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0668. Statement made Oct 28, 2026 (Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent, Washington); published Oct 28, 2026, 10:30 AM ET. Retrieved: 2026-10-29.
  5. [18] US Department of State, “The United States Announces Sanctions in Response to Rwanda’s Destabilizing Activities in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo”, https://www.state.gov/releases/office-of-the-spokesman/2026/10/the-united-states-announces-sanctions-in-response-to-rwandas-destabilizing-activities-in-eastern-democratic-republic-of-the-congo/. Published: Oct 28, 2026. Retrieved: 2026-10-29.
  6. [19] BBC News, “US sanctions Rwanda’s defence ministry over DR Congo conflict”, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cm87zw51qw0jo. Published: Oct 29, 2026, 3:16 AM ET. Retrieved: 2026-10-29. Updated Oct 29, 2026, ~7:25 AM ET.
  7. [20] (statement) BBC News, “US sanctions Rwanda’s defence ministry over DR Congo conflict”, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cm87zw51qw0jo. Statement made Oct 28-29, 2026 (Rwandan government spokesperson Yolande Makolo, to the BBC); published Oct 29, 2026, 3:16 AM ET. Retrieved: 2026-10-29.
  8. [21] BBC News, “US sanctions Rwanda’s defence ministry over DR Congo conflict”, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cm87zw51qw0jo. Published: Oct 29, 2026, 3:16 AM ET. Retrieved: 2026-10-29. Updated Oct 29, 2026, ~7:25 AM ET.
  9. [22] (statement) Anadolu Agency, “Sudan accuses Ethiopia of allowing drone attacks to be launched from its territory”, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/sudan-accuses-ethiopia-of-allowing-drone-attacks-to-be-launched-from-its-territory/4104443. Statement made Oct 28, 2026 (Foreign Ministry Undersecretary Muawiya Osman Khalid, SUNA seminar, Khartoum); published Oct 28, 2026, ~10:55 PM ET. Retrieved: 2026-10-29.
  10. [23] Anadolu Agency, “Sudan accuses Ethiopia of allowing drone attacks to be launched from its territory”, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/sudan-accuses-ethiopia-of-allowing-drone-attacks-to-be-launched-from-its-territory/4104443. Published: Oct 28, 2026, ~10:55 PM ET. Retrieved: 2026-10-29. Relays the Sudan News Agency (SUNA).
  11. [24] Anadolu Agency, “Sudan accuses Ethiopia of allowing drone attacks to be launched from its territory”, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/sudan-accuses-ethiopia-of-allowing-drone-attacks-to-be-launched-from-its-territory/4104443. Published: Oct 28, 2026, ~10:55 PM ET. Retrieved: 2026-10-29. Relays the Sudan News Agency (SUNA).
  12. [25] Anadolu Agency, “UN fact-finding mission says external actors fuel Sudan war, backs nationwide arms embargo”, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/un-fact-finding-mission-says-external-actors-fuel-sudan-war-backs-nationwide-arms-embargo/4104369. Published: Oct 28, 2026, ~4:20 PM ET. Retrieved: 2026-10-29.
  13. [26] Anadolu Agency, “UN fact-finding mission says external actors fuel Sudan war, backs nationwide arms embargo”, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/un-fact-finding-mission-says-external-actors-fuel-sudan-war-backs-nationwide-arms-embargo/4104369. Published: Oct 28, 2026, ~4:20 PM ET. Retrieved: 2026-10-29.
  14. [27] Anadolu Agency, “UN fact-finding mission says external actors fuel Sudan war, backs nationwide arms embargo”, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/un-fact-finding-mission-says-external-actors-fuel-sudan-war-backs-nationwide-arms-embargo/4104369. Published: Oct 28, 2026, ~4:20 PM ET. Retrieved: 2026-10-29.
  15. [28] (statement) Anadolu Agency, “Ethiopia receives 12 Russian Su-35 fighter jets, plans to acquire S-400 air defenses”, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/ethiopia-receives-12-russian-su-35-fighter-jets-plans-to-acquire-s-400-air-defenses/4104231. Statement made Oct 28, 2026 (Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed, post on X); published Oct 28, 2026, ~1:58 PM ET. Retrieved: 2026-10-29.
  16. [29] Anadolu Agency, “Ethiopia receives 12 Russian Su-35 fighter jets, plans to acquire S-400 air defenses”, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/ethiopia-receives-12-russian-su-35-fighter-jets-plans-to-acquire-s-400-air-defenses/4104231. Published: Oct 28, 2026, ~1:58 PM ET. Retrieved: 2026-10-29.
  17. [30] Anadolu Agency, “Ethiopia receives 12 Russian Su-35 fighter jets, plans to acquire S-400 air defenses”, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/ethiopia-receives-12-russian-su-35-fighter-jets-plans-to-acquire-s-400-air-defenses/4104231. Published: Oct 28, 2026, ~1:58 PM ET. Retrieved: 2026-10-29.
  18. [31] (statement) Anadolu Agency, “Russia opened 8 new embassies in Africa since 2023, bringing total to 48: Putin”, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/eurasia/russia-opened-8-new-embassies-in-africa-since-2023-bringing-total-to-48-putin/4104826. Statement made Oct 29, 2026 (President Vladimir Putin, Russia-Africa summit, Moscow); published Oct 29, 2026, ~6:40 AM ET. Retrieved: 2026-10-29.
  19. [32] Anadolu Agency, “Russia opened 8 new embassies in Africa since 2023, bringing total to 48: Putin”, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/eurasia/russia-opened-8-new-embassies-in-africa-since-2023-bringing-total-to-48-putin/4104826. Published: Oct 29, 2026, ~6:40 AM ET. Retrieved: 2026-10-29.
  20. [33] BBC News, “Demands for post-poll justice as Tanzania accused of weaponising counterterrorism laws”, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cqdr8mgl5756o. Published: Oct 28, 2026, 8:25 PM ET. Retrieved: 2026-10-29.
  21. [34] BBC News, “Demands for post-poll justice as Tanzania accused of weaponising counterterrorism laws”, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cqdr8mgl5756o. Published: Oct 28, 2026, 8:25 PM ET. Retrieved: 2026-10-29.
  22. [35] BBC News, “Demands for post-poll justice as Tanzania accused of weaponising counterterrorism laws”, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cqdr8mgl5756o. Published: Oct 28, 2026, 8:25 PM ET. Retrieved: 2026-10-29.
  23. [36] Anadolu Agency, “UN fact-finding mission says external actors fuel Sudan war, backs nationwide arms embargo”, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/un-fact-finding-mission-says-external-actors-fuel-sudan-war-backs-nationwide-arms-embargo/4104369. Published: Oct 28, 2026, ~4:20 PM ET. Retrieved: 2026-10-29.
  24. [37] Anadolu Agency, “UN fact-finding mission says external actors fuel Sudan war, backs nationwide arms embargo”, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/un-fact-finding-mission-says-external-actors-fuel-sudan-war-backs-nationwide-arms-embargo/4104369. Published: Oct 28, 2026, ~4:20 PM ET. Retrieved: 2026-10-29.
  25. [38] U.S. Department of the Treasury, “Treasury Sanctions Rwandan Ministry of Defence and Financial Institution Supporting M23”, https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0668. Published: Oct 28, 2026, 10:30 AM ET. Retrieved: 2026-10-29.
  26. [39] (statement) U.S. Department of the Treasury, “Treasury Sanctions Rwandan Ministry of Defence and Financial Institution Supporting M23”, https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0668. Statement made Oct 28, 2026 (Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent, Washington); published Oct 28, 2026, 10:30 AM ET. Retrieved: 2026-10-29.
  27. [40] (statement) Anadolu Agency, “Sudan accuses Ethiopia of allowing drone attacks to be launched from its territory”, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/sudan-accuses-ethiopia-of-allowing-drone-attacks-to-be-launched-from-its-territory/4104443. Statement made Oct 28, 2026 (Foreign Ministry Undersecretary Muawiya Osman Khalid, SUNA seminar, Khartoum); published Oct 28, 2026, ~10:55 PM ET. Retrieved: 2026-10-29.
  28. [41] (statement) Anadolu Agency, “UN fact-finding mission says external actors fuel Sudan war, backs nationwide arms embargo”, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/un-fact-finding-mission-says-external-actors-fuel-sudan-war-backs-nationwide-arms-embargo/4104369. Statement made Oct 28, 2026 (mission chair Mohamed Chande Othman, UN headquarters, New York); published Oct 28, 2026, ~4:20 PM ET. Retrieved: 2026-10-29.
  29. [42] (statement) Anadolu Agency, “Ethiopia receives 12 Russian Su-35 fighter jets, plans to acquire S-400 air defenses”, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/ethiopia-receives-12-russian-su-35-fighter-jets-plans-to-acquire-s-400-air-defenses/4104231. Statement made Oct 28, 2026 (Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed, post on X); published Oct 28, 2026, ~1:58 PM ET. Retrieved: 2026-10-29.
  30. [43] (statement) Anadolu Agency, “Russia opened 8 new embassies in Africa since 2023, bringing total to 48: Putin”, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/eurasia/russia-opened-8-new-embassies-in-africa-since-2023-bringing-total-to-48-putin/4104826. Statement made Oct 29, 2026 (President Vladimir Putin, Russia-Africa summit, Moscow); published Oct 29, 2026, ~6:40 AM ET. Retrieved: 2026-10-29.
  31. [44] Peter’s World, “Africa Security Update Oct 28, 2026: Sudan Grid Strikes, 40,000 Flee”, https://petersworld.org/africa-security-update-oct-28/. Published: Oct 28, 2026. Retrieved: 2026-10-29.
  32. [45] Peter’s World, “Seven Lenses of Geopolitical Power”, https://petersworld.org/seven-lenses-of-geopolitical-power/. Published: 2026. Retrieved: 2026-10-29.

Sources

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